Strategizing International Tax Best Practices – by Keith Brockman

Archive for the ‘OECD / UN’ Category

OECD: Comparable Data draft released for comment

The OECD has released a paper for comment discussing four possible approaches to addressing concerns on utilization of comparable transactions for transfer pricing analysis.  Written comments should be provided by 11 April 2014.  The following link is provided for reference:  

Click to access transfer-pricing-comparability-data-developing-countries.pdf

The paper will be discussed in two parallel sessions on the last day of the Global Forum on Transfer Pricing meeting of 26–28 March 2014. 

This paper sets out and briefly discusses four possible approaches to addressing the concerns over the lack of data on comparables expressed by developing countries.

• Expanding access to data sources for comparables, including steps to improve the range of data contained in commercial databases, expand developing country access to such databases, and improve access to comparables data in developing countries with a significant number of sizeable independent companies.

• More effective use of data sources for comparables, including guidance or assistance in the effective use of commercial databases, the selection of foreign comparables, whether and how to make adjustments to foreign comparables to enhance their reliability, and alternative approaches to finding comparables.

• Approaches to identifying arm’s length prices or results without reliance on direct comparables, including guidance or assistance in making use of proxies for arm’s length outcomes, the profit split method, value chain analysis, and safe harbours, an evaluation of the impact, effectiveness and compatibility with the arm’s length principle of approaches such as the so called “sixth method”, which is increasingly prevalent particularly in developing countries in Latin America and Africa, and a review of possible anti-avoidance approaches.

• Advance pricing agreements and mutual agreement proceedings, including a review of developing country experiences with the pros and cons of advance pricing agreements and negotiations to resolve transfer pricing disputes, as well as guidance or assistance with respect to mutual agreement proceedings.

The paper is timely, relevant and addresses practical and administrative concerns addressed by developing countries, as well as discussion of the arm’s-length principle.  The items addressed should be considered in addressing Best Practices for transfer pricing documentation methodologies by taxpayers and tax authorities.

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OECD / UN

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Australia BEPS: Not waiting for OECD

KPMG has provided an excellent overview of Australia’s unilateral efforts to carry out OECD’s proposals.

http://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/taxnewsflash/Pages/2014-1/australia-effects-of-documentation-country-by-country-reporting-for-australian-taxpayers.aspx

Some key questions include:

  • From a OECD perspective, Would penalties be applicable when a Country-by-Country (CbC) template is not completed, if such information is part of the Transfer Pricing Master File?
  • The Australian Tax Office (ATO) has already started its process to collect similar information as the CbC template, with 125 review notification letters to be sent to taxpayers, requesting detailed international data and a presentation to the ATO.
  • The ATO review would include details of global corporate value chains, including sales, profits, and taxes paid in every jurisdiction, payments to / from low tax jurisdictions, e-commerce and tax risk governance.  The ATO should ensure that confidential information is only shared with other tax authorities in alignment with confidentiality protocols judicially established in each respective jurisdiction.  Additionally, it will be interesting to note how such information is defined, or not defined, by the ATO to ensure information that is collected from taxpayers will be consistent for analyses.

These actions bring forth additional questions re: the OECD proposals, the ATO’s response and advance warnings to taxpayers of how such information will be collected and provided in advance of the OECD’s timelines.  To the extent procedures are enacted by taxpayers to collect such data, while the OECD and other tax authorities provide different rules, definitions and timelines, it will substantially increase time and cost by multinationals to respond to multiple initiatives.

Another point of consideration is the symmetry of ATO’s CbC request with that of the OECD: Will the ATO change their rules to coincide with that of the OECD when such rules are issued, and will the separate country’s legislation trump / override the OECD’s final recommendations?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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OECD / UN

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TEI’s response to OECD’s Discussion Draft on TP Documentation & Country by Country reporting

The Tax Executives Institute (TEI) has commented on the OECD Transfer Pricing Documentation and Country by Country Reporting (CbC) discussion draft.

Click to access OECD%20Transfer%20Pricing%20Documentation%20and%20CbC%20Reporting.pdf

TEI has provided strategic and logical arguments in response to requested comments by the OECD for transfer pricing documentation and CbC reporting.  One of the exemplary comments put forth is that the CbC reporting template should be the last item for completion, based upon actions of the other items, to achieve maximum efficiency, relevance and avoidance of duplication in work efforts.

The TEI comments should be read by all multinationals and interested parties to further understand the business rationale and inherent complexity of the OECD proposal that may lead tax authorities to deviate from the arm’s length principle based solely on the CbC information provided.

 

 

 

 

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OECD / UN, Transfer Pricing

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OECD BEPS Action Plan: Revised timeline

The OECD has recently published a revised timeline for its Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Action Plan that can be accessed via the attached link:

Click to access calendar-planned-stakeholders-input-2013-2014.pdf

With a short timeframe for comment to multiple initiatives, it is imperative to review this timeline change, especially if comments are to be prepared.  This revision in timing also provides transparency for the OECD’s aggressive objectives to assess the milestones accordingly.

The OECD timeline also highlights the expedited actions of individual EU Member States, and other countries, to implement independent BEPS initiatives that may, or may not, be in alignment with the OECD’s final proposals.  To the extent such objectives are significantly different in principle and approach, it has not yet been envisaged if, and how, such disparities will be resolved by taxpayers and tax authorities.

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OECD / UN

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VAT: European Commission update

Tax Fraud: Commission looks at how VAT collection and administrative cooperation can be improved

Today (12 Feb.) the Commission adopted two reports which shed more light on problems linked to fighting Value Added Tax (VAT) fraud within the EU, and which identify possible remedies. The first report looks at VAT collection and control procedures across the Member States, within the context of EU own resources. It concludes that Member States need to modernise their VAT administrations in order to reduce the VAT Gap, which was around €193 billion in 2011. (see IP/13/844) Recommendations are addressed to individual Member States on where they could make improvements in their procedures.

The second report looks at how effectively administrative cooperation and other available tools are being used in order to combat VAT Fraud in the EU. It finds that more effort is needed to enhance cross border cooperation, and recommends solutions such as joint audits, administrative cooperation with third countries, more resources for enquiries and controls and automatic exchange of information amongst all Member States on VAT. Both reports are part of the broad Commission Action Plan to fight against tax fraud and evasion (see IP/12/1325), and can be found online on the European Commission’s Taxation and Customs Union website .

Click to access com(2014)71_en.pdf

Click to access com(2014)69_en.pdf

It is interesting to compare developments on topics such as joint audits, automatic exchange of information, and tax controls with that of the OECD and UN for corporate income tax.  The reports provide a valuable reference in regards to VAT developments in the EU, which are observed by non-EU countries for Best Practices.

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OECD / UN

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Strategizing APA’s in Turkey & OECD’s Tax Transparency Report

KPMG has published an informative and timely publication reviewing strategies for the use of unilateral, bilateral  and multilateral Advance Pricing Agreements (APA’s), with a detailed focus on recent APA developments in Turkey.  The KPMG publication cites the OECD’s June 2013 report “A Step Change in Tax Transparency” prepared for the G8 Summit.  The KPMG and OECD reports are referenced herein for review.

Click to access turkey-feb3-2014.pdf

Click to access taxtransparency_G8report.pdf

The KPMG report is a valuable reference, providing strategic insight into using unilateral, bilateral and / or multilateral APA’s globally with a specific focus on Turkey.  The report includes chapters on Transfer Pricing in Turkey, Global APA Trend, Opportunities that APA Offers, When Should You Pursue an APA and the APA Process in Turkey.  The OECD report provides additional input on the exchange of information which is especially valuable against the backdrop of OECD’s recent request for guidance.

The transfer pricing landscape is changing, from a OECD perspective and also separate country initiatives that may, or may not, correlate with guidelines to be established this year and next by the OECD.  Accordingly, the use of APA’s should be reconsidered for developed and developing countries to achieve further certainty and avoidance of double taxation in these changing and challenging times.

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OECD / UN, Transfer Pricing

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UN requests input: Practical Manual on TP for Developing Countries

The UN Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters published the UN Practical Manual on Transfer Pricing for Developing Countries in 2012.  A new Subcommittee was formed on Article 9, Associated Enterprises, which will draft additional chapters on intra-group services, management fees and intangibles.  The letter for assistance is referenced herein:

Click to access InputUNTPmanual.pdf

The Subcommittee invites input into the Manual for this drafting exercise, and aims to consider such comments in the update of the Manual.  Input from developing countries in particular is requested, and non-governmental organizations and academics in the policy and administration of transfer pricing, to provide clear and workable guidance.

The letter reiterates the operation of Article 9 of the UN Model Convention and the arms-length principle embodied therein.

As stated at the conclusion of the letter, “As agreed during the 2013 Annual Session of the UN Committee, wide input is sought into the next update of the Manual to ensure its effectiveness for developing countries seeking to address transfer pricing issues in accordance with Article 9.”

Written input is requested no later than 28 February 2014, with any questions addressed to Michael Lennard, Secretary of the UN Tax Committee.  

This request aids transparency, and comprehensive understanding, into the evolving issues of intra-group services, management fees and intangibles.

All multinationals should consider this important request, and follow developments of the UN Committee as it receives comments and drafts additional guidance.  It is noted that the letter sought to emphasize the arms-length principle of transfer pricing.

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OECD / UN

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BEPS Action item 14: OECD Dispute Resolution Focus Group

OECD Working Party 1 has formed a Dispute Resolution Focus Group to address BEPS Action Plan item 14, copied herein for reference.

Focus areas of WP 1:

  • Access to Mutual Agreement Procedure (MAP)
  • Arbitration
  • Multilateral MAPs & APAs
  • Adjustment issues, including timing for corresponding adjustments, self-initiated adjustments, and secondary adjustments
  • Interest & Penalties
  • Hybrid Entities
  • Legal status of a mutual agreement

In the US, IRS has also issued Notice 2013-78 detailing a proposed Rev. Procedure on US Competent Authority procedures, including an emphasis on informal consultation for US Foreign Tax Credit determinations.

Click to access n-13-78.pdf

OECD BEPS ACTION 14

Make dispute resolution mechanisms more effective

Develop solutions to address obstacles that prevent countries from solving treaty-related disputes under MAP, including the absence of arbitration provisions in most treaties and the fact that access to MAP and arbitration may be denied in certain cases.

(iv) From agreed policies to tax rules: the need for a swift implementation of the measures

There is a need to consider innovative ways to implement the measures resulting from the work on the BEPS Action Plan. The delivery of the actions included in the Action Plan on BEPS will result in a number of outputs.

Some actions will likely result in recommendations regarding domestic law provisions, as well as in changes to the Commentary to the OECD Model Tax Convention and the Transfer Pricing Guidelines. Other actions will likely result in changes to the OECD Model Tax Convention. This is for example the case for the introduction of an anti-treaty abuse provision, changes to the definition of permanent establishment, changes to transfer pricing provisions and the introduction of treaty provisions in relation to hybrid mismatch arrangements.

Changes to the OECD Model Tax Convention are not directly effective without amendments to bilateral tax treaties. If undertaken on a purely treaty-by-treaty basis, the sheer number of treaties in effect may make such a process very lengthy, the more so where countries embark on comprehensive renegotiations of their bilateral tax treaties. A multilateral instrument to amend bilateral treaties is a promising way forward in this respect.

This new initiative highlights innovative and forward thinking by the OECD.

Best Practice thoughts include:

  • Using MAP as a roll-forward mechanism to an APA to cover additional years beyond the MAP request
  • Using simultaneous appeals and Competent Authority relief provisions

These developments merit additional attention to self-initiated adjustments, Best Practices to address secondary / corresponding adjustments and creative thinking to resolve bilateral / multilateral disputes.

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Parent Sub Directive: EU Anti abuse proposals

European Commission tackles tax avoidance: tightening key EU corporate tax legislation

http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_AGENDA-13-40_en.htm

On 25 November, the European Commission will adopt a proposal to amend the Parent Subsidiary Directive (2011/96/EU) in order to close off opportunities for corporate tax avoidance. The Parent Subsidiary Directive was originally conceived to prevent the double taxation of same-group companies based in different Member States. However, loopholes in the Directive have been exploited by some companies to avoid paying any taxes at all. The proposal aims to close these loopholes. First, it will introduce a common anti-abuse rule into the Directive. This will allow Member States to ignore artificial arrangements used for tax avoidance purposes and to tax on the basis of real economic substance. Second, it will ensure that the Directive is tightened up so that specific tax planning arrangements are no longer eligible for the tax exemptions provided under the Directive.

The background:

The issue of corporate tax avoidance is very high in the political agenda of many EU and non-EU countries, and the need for action to combat it has been highlighted at recent G20 and G8 meetings.

One of the key problems to be addressed is that of double non-taxation i.e. where loopholes in national tax systems are exploited by companies to pay no tax at all. Double non-taxation deprives Member States of significant revenues and creates unfair competition between businesses in the Single Market. Tackling this problem requires urgent and coordinated action at EU level.

On 6 December 2012 the Commission presented an Action Plan for a more effective EU response to tax evasion and avoidance. This action set out a comprehensive set of measures, to help Member States protect their tax bases and recapture billions of euros legitimately due (IP/12/1325). The revision of the Parent Subsidiary Directive is one of the measures announced in the action plan.

The event:

Algirdas Šemeta, the European Commissioner for Taxation, Customs, Anti-Fraud, Statistics and Audit will present the proposal at the midday briefing in the Commission’s press room. Press materials will be available on the day.

  1.  Available on EbS

The sources:

Information on fight against tax fraud and evasion:

http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/taxation/tax_fraud_evasion/index_en.htm

Information on Commissioner Šemeta:

http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/semeta/index_en.htm

This important proposal should be monitored by all multinationals re: potential impacts upon current or future planning and relevant documentation.

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OECD / UN

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OECD Task Force on Tax & Development: Meeting update

The OECD Task Force’s role is to advise the OECD Committees in delivering a Tax and Development Programme focused on developing countries.  Co-chaired by South Africa and the Netherlands, its members include OECD and developing countries, business, and regional/international organisations.

http://www.oecd.org/tax/tax-global/taxanddevelopment.htm

Click to access taskforce-tax-development-korea-outcome-statement.pdf

The annual meeting was held 30-31 October in Seoul, Korea, with the following points of emphasis.

  • State building, accountability and effective capacity development, including governance of tax incentives and a feasibility study on Tax Inspectors Without Borders initiative (9 June post)
  • More effective transfer pricing regimes in developing countries, with country initiatives in Columbia, Ghana, Honduras, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Vietnam developed in partnership with the EU and World Bank.
  • Increased transparency in the reporting of financial data by MNEs, identifying Best Practices while monitoring developments of the Dodd-Frank Act and proposals for revising the EU Transparency Directive.
  • Countering international tax evasion/avoidance and improving transparency and exchange of information, preparing countries for peer reviews by the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information and developing exchange of information projects in Kenya and Ghana.

The report provides added value with numerous links to referenced initiatives (i.e., Tax Inspectors Without Borders, EU Transparency Directive) for a comprehensive understanding of the multiple initiatives being developed.

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OECD / UN

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Tax avoidance strategies: Int’l human rights law violations? – IBA report

The facilitation of tax avoidance strategies could constitute a violation of international human rights law, according to a new report by the International Bar Association.

http://www.ibanet.org/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=4A0CF930-A0D1-4784-8D09-F588DCDDFEA4

The International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) Task Force on Illicit Financial Flows, Poverty and Human Rights was convened to reflect upon these pressing questions from the perspective of international human rights law and policy. This innovative report:
  • provides a detailed overview of tax abuses and secrecy jurisdictions
  • investigates the links between tax abuses, poverty and human rights
  • draws on case studies from Brazil, Jersey and the SADC region
  • evaluates responsibilities and remedies to counter tax abuses affecting human rights
  • delivers unique recommendations for states, business enterprises and the legal profession

For the purposes of this report, tax abuses include the tax practices that are contrary to the letter or spirit of domestic and international tax laws and policies. They include tax evasion, tax fraud and other illegal practices − including the tax losses resulting from other illicit financial flows such as bribery, corruption and money laundering. The term ‘tax abuse’ also includes tax practices that may be legal, strictly speaking, but are currently under scrutiny because they avoid a ‘fair share’ of the tax burden and have negative impacts on the tax revenues and economies of developing countries.

This report covers developments in international tax cooperation on issues such as automatic exchange of information, and base erosion and profit-shifting. It also assesses trends in international development policy which are increasingly focused on strengthening good tax governance in developing countries – thereby reducing dependency on foreign aid and improving development outcomes. It demonstrates the evolution of international human rights law and policy, whilst highlighting tax abuses as a pressing human rights concern.

The Task Force’s goals and objectives are:

1. To publish an innovative report containing findings and a set of recommendations on the interaction between illicit financial flows, poverty and human rights.

2. To widely disseminate the report with the view of pushing the issue of tax evasion and human rights onto global policy agendas, and sustaining discussion thereafter.

3. To incite multi-level policy changes in the area of tax evasion and economic, social and cultural rights adjudication to help end global poverty.

The report cites the following topics for relevance in its comprehensive discussion:

  • OECD BEPS Action Plan
  • OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
  • OECD “Tax Inspectors Without Borders” initiative (refer to 9 June posting)
  • G8 and G20 countries
  • US FATCA rules
  • US Dodd Frank legislation
  • UK House of Commons
  • UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights
  • EU Accounting and Transparency Directives
  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) (39 countries have signed up)

This report provides interesting insights into the complex relationship of international taxes and non-tax principles and objectives, for which all international tax executives should be aware.  Appendices of the report provide suggested recommendations for States, international business  and the legal profession to help combat today’s conflicts.

 

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OECD / UN, Tax Risk Management, Transfer Pricing

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Corruption assessment: a component of Global (Tax) Risk Framework

The Eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ...

The Eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of UN. Target date: 2015 http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Today’s tax environment of increased transparency highlights the need to integrate an assessment of corruption into the Global Risk Assessment, including the Tax Risk Framework.  Proper governance includes monitoring perceptions, and actual cases, of corruption globally.  Brief summaries, with links, have been provided for Transparency International and the Global Portal on Anti-Corruption for Development, with additional references and recent articles, for reference.  The Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International is included in the first link.

Today the Transparency International movement includes more than 100 independent national chapters and partners around the world, which take action in support of our mission “to stop corruption and promote transparency, accountability and integrity at all levels and across all sectors of society”.

Transparency International calls on the United Nations to adopt a governance goal and governance targets for its post 2015 development priorities

http://www.transparency.org/news/pressrelease/transparency_international_calls_on_the_un_to_make_governance_a_priority_fo

The Global Portal on Anti-Corruption for Development is a one-stop-shop for information and knowledge specialized on anti-corruption for sustainable development. It aims to support the work of development/governance practitioners, anti-corruption bodies, researchers, civil society organizations and the donor community by facilitating easy access to information, cutting-edge knowledge and practical tools on anti-corruption at the global, regional and country level.

The Anti-Corruption for Development web portal is a unique and pioneering UN web platform that provides open access to information and knowledge related to the latest efforts to address corruption prevention against today’s development challenges: human rights, gender equality and empowerment, climate change and natural resource management, achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Post-2015 Development Agenda, illicit financial flows and transitional contexts, among others.

http://www.anti-corruption.org/index.php/en/about

The Conference of Nigerian Political Parties (CNPP) has asked the Coordinating Minister for the Economy and Minister of Finance, Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, to resign forthwith for misleading President Goodluck Jonathan on the damaging level of corruption in the country.

CNPP’s demand came as an aftermath of President Jonathan’s remarks in which he referred to a World Bank report from the minister placing corruption as third in the ranking of problems confronting the country.

http://allafrica.com/stories/201310010283.html

Related articles

Industry’s leading third party management software provider advises oil and gas companies to fundamentally re-think supply chain compliance.

With the realization that corruption is undermining development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), experts are lobbying the UN to adopt goals and targets on good governance and transparency in the post-2015 development agenda.

A high-level anti-corruption panel, co-chaired by UNDP, Transparency International and UNODC, gathered at the UN in New York in late September to highlight the impact of corruption on development and find ways to ensure that anti-corruption is part of the new global development agenda.

Is internal corruption slowing progress in developing countries?

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OECD / UN, Tax Risk Management

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OECD Memorandum on TP Documentation & Country-by-Country Reporting

The OECD has provided a discussion memorandum in advance of its 12-13 November public consultation on the Revised Discussion Draft on Transfer Pricing Aspects of Intangibles and the White Paper on Transfer Pricing Documentation.  The memorandum presents questions for discussion in addressing implementation issues of a country-by-country reporting template.  A summary of the memorandum is provided, with a link for reference:

Click to access memorandum-transfer-pricing-documentation-and-country-by-country-reporting.pdf

The memorandum outlines two questions, with alternatives provided for each:

What information should be required?

A. The most critical item will be a report of income earned in a country, with the following approaches outlined.

  • Net income before tax for each legal entity
  • Taxable income per tax returns
  • Accounting segment reporting rules
  • Internal consolidating income statements
  • Other

B. Taxes paid by country

  • Cash or accrual basis
  • National vs. local income taxes
  • Non-income taxes

C. Measures of economic activity

  • Revenues by customer location
  • Tangible assets by location
  • Employees / payroll
  • Research expenditures by company/country
  • Marketing expenditures by company /country
  • Location of intangibles by country
  • Location of senior management (e.g. 25-50 most highly compensated employees of group)
  • Other

An interesting comment is also provided for insight: “A key question is whether such reporting will provide any meaningful guidance for risk assessment purposes about the location of real economic activity.”  It is noted that the emphasis seems to focus on economic activity, with little mention of transfer pricing functions, assets, or risks.

What mechanisms should be developed for reporting or sharing country-by-country data?

  • Template completed by parent company and shared  via treaty exchange of information mechanisms
  • Exclusion of information to countries where adequate provisions do not exist to protect confidentiality
  • Template inclusion in global master file to every country in which there is an affiliate subject to tax
  • Other

These developments provide valuable insight into the future trend of transfer pricing documentation that will provide numerous challenges for every multinational.

 

 

 

 

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OECD / UN

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TEI’s comments: OECD Draft Handbook on Transfer Pricing Risk Assessment

Tax Executives Institute (TEI) has provided comments to the OECD Draft Handbook on Transfer Pricing Risk Assessment, for which the relevant links are provided for reference.  A link to TEI is also included in the Recommended Links page of this blog.

http://www.oecd.org/ctp/transfer-pricing/Draft-Handbook-TP-Risk-Assessment-ENG.pdf

Click to access TEI%20Comments%20-%20OECD%20Draft%20Handbook%20on%20Transfer%20Pricing%20Risk%20Assessment%20-%20FINAL%20to%20OECD%2011%20September%202013.pdf

These comments are useful in comprehending the complexity of transfer pricing risks and documentation concerns, especially against the backdrop of OECD’s recent White Paper on Transfer Pricing Documentation (31 July post) and its Revised Draft for the Transfer Pricing of Intangibles (3 August post).  International tax executives should review OECD’s proposals and public comments from TEI and other organizations to develop a risk framework for new transfer pricing challenges and country-specific initiatives.

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OECD / UN, Transfer Pricing

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OECD Exchange of tax information portal

As a follow up to the OECD G20 Report post on 8 September, information about the Exchange of Tax Information Portal is provided for further reference.  The respective jurisdiction can be selected, with agreements available via PDF files.  This site will be even more useful as countries complete the relevant Peer 1 and Peer 2 reviews.

The Exchange of Tax Information Portal is an initiative of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes.  The Global Forum conducts peer reviews of its member jurisdictions’ ability to co-operate with other tax administrations in accordance with the internationally agreed standard. The standard provides for exchange of information on request where it is foreseeably relevant to the administration and enforcement of the domestic tax laws of the requesting jurisdiction. Effective exchange of information requires that jurisdictions ensure information is available, that it can be obtained by the tax authorities and that there are mechanisms in place allowing for the exchange of that information. The Global Forum’s peer review process examines both the legal and regulatory aspects of exchange (Phase 1 reviews) and the exchange of information in practice (Phase 2). The EOI Portal will track the development of these peer reviews, including changes that jurisdiction’s make in response to the Global Forum’s recommendations.  The Portal can be accessed from the following link:

http://www.eoi-tax.org/jurisdictions/AR

The Exchange of Tax Information Portal site should be used, and shared, for valuable reference on this important and current initiative.

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OECD / UN, Tax Risk Management

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